Professor N. F. Katanov (1862-1922) is one of the outstanding national scientists, representatives of Russian science, education and culture of the 19th-20th centuries. His life path and legacy reflected important events and trends in Oriental studies both in Russia and around the world, as well as Turkology. The stages of his biography and his vast creative legacy are interesting and extraordinary, instructive and tragic at the same time. He became the personification of two worlds in Russia - European and Asian. The biography and legacy of N. F. Katanov are of academic and especially scientific, educational, and humanistic interest. His life and works should not be perceived only within the history of Russian and European Oriental studies. It is necessary to take into account the broad socio-political and socio-cultural context of the development of Oriental studies, including Turkology, as well as Russian society and the state in the second half of the 19th - first quarter of the 20th century.