Ellada K-O. Annay
Publications by the Author
3 publications
EXPRESSIVE LEXEMES OF THE TUVAN LANGUAGE FORMED BY AFFIXATION METHOD
The grammar of the Tuvan language does not commonly uses diminutive affixes, in comparison to other Turkic languages. However, in recent years these affixes have become more common, particularly in colloquial speech, as shown in studies by A. Ch. Kunaa, Sh. Ch. Sat, M. V. Bavuu-Syuryun, Ch. S. Tsybenova et al. In Turkology, opinions vary regarding the functions of diminutive affixes; in our study, according to principles of Tuvan grammar, we view them as inflectional affixes because they don’t form new words but add expressive semantics by means of subjective and emotive connotations. As for their semantics and functions in colloquial speech, it may be said that such affixes serve as formal markers of expessiveness. In Tuvan, words with diminutive affixes are used to express one’s emotions or attitude towards someone, either good or bad, ironic or affectionate. In the following article, we analyze the usage of expressive words with the following diminutive affixes: =pai/=bai, =kai/=kei, =chak/=dzak, =kyn/=kin, =uk/=uk, as well as the affix =ka borrowed from Russian. We conclude that the functions of certain affixes expand for the purpose of emotional expression; for example, the affix =chak/=dzak now possesses an ability to refer to people. The usage of the Russian affix =ka, also a diminutive affix used to refer to people, is also a new phenomenon, as well as an example of interference in the Tuvan language.
FOLKLORE AS A SOURCE OF REPLENISHMENT OF EXPRESSIVE VOCABULARY IN THE TUVAN LANGUAGE
This article explores metaphorical expressions as part of the expressive lexicon in Tuvan. It examines how semantic derivation contributes to the expressive vocabulary. Language naturally economizes, often relying on metaphor for expressive naming. Myths, fairy tales, heroic epics, and shamanic chants (algysh), are significant source of expressive vocabulary in Tuvan. Characters and mythical creatures from these sources are frequently used to describe people. While these expressions lack explicit markers of expressivity, native speakers intuitively recognize their expressive potential. The imagery embedded in these connotative meanings can convey positive or negative assessments. Metaphorical expressions serve as versatile tools for expressing emotional attitudes and social judgments. The article provides examples illustrating how words acquire new meanings through semantic derivation, expand their semantic scope, and are analyzed and compared. The analysis reveals that certain lexical bases are productive, generating new words and phrases in contemporary Tuvan and being actively used in everyday speech. Interestingly, the gender of the mythical creature from which these expressive words originate does not always determine their usage. Folklore thus emerges as a rich reservoir of expressive vocabulary, highlighting the expressiveness of the Tuvan language.
FEATURES OF TRIBAL GROUPS AND THE MODERN LINGUISTIC SITUATION IN KUNGURTUG, THE REPUBLIC OF TUVA
The article explores some results of a field sociolinguistic study conducted as part of a comprehensive expedition of the Tuvan Institute of Humanitarian and Applied Socio-Economic Research under the Government of the Republic of Tuva in Kungurtug, Tere-Khol district of the Republic of Tuva (August 2022). The authors have paid the main attention to tribal groups of residents and the current language situation in this local сommunity. The Tere-Khol dialect is one of the peculiar dialects of the Tuvan language. Its phonological system differs from the systems of other dialects by the absence of such an essential feature as the pharyngalization of vowels in the literary Tuvan language. A peculiar linguistic situation in this region is determined by isolated living from the rest of Tuva, presence of tribal groups traditionally living in that territory, and a special way of economic and household life, as well as common usage of the Mongolian language by the majority of the inhabitants of the territory.